The relationship between learning styles and cognitive traits – Getting additional information for improving student modelling

Student modelling is an important process for adaptive virtual learning environments. Student models include a range of information about the learners such as their domain competence, learning style or cognitive traits. To be able to adapt to the learners’ needs in an appropriate way, a reliable student model is necessary, but getting enough information about a learner is quite challenging. Therefore, mechanisms are needed to support the detection process of the required information. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between learning styles, in particular, those pertaining to the Felder–Silverman learning style model and working memory capacity, one of the cognitive traits included in the cognitive trait model. The identified relationship is derived from links between learning styles, cognitive styles, and working memory capacity which are based on studies from the literature. As a result, we demonstrate that learners with high working memory capacity tend to prefer a reflective, intuitive, and sequential learning style whereas learners with low working memory capacity tend to prefer an active, sensing, visual, and global learning style. This interaction can be used to improve the student model. Systems which are able to detect either only cognitive traits or only learning styles retrieve additional information through the identified relationship. Otherwise, for systems that already incorporate learning styles and cognitive traits, the interaction can be used to improve the detection process of both by including the additional information of a learning style into the detection process of cognitive traits and vice versa. This leads to a more reliable student model.     

Grundrechtsschutz im Europa des Lissaboner Vertrags

Nachdem als letzter Mitgliedstaat der Europ?ischen Union auch Tschechien im November 2009 den Lissaboner Vertrag ratifiziert hatte, konnte das Vertragswerk¹ zum 01. Dezember 2009 in Kraft treten. Seither sind allerdings die mit der neuen Rechtsgrundlage der Europ?ischen Union verbundenen vielf?ltigen Wirkungen kaum ins Bewusstsein der europ?ischen ?ffentlichkeit gelangt. Sie werden von den globalen Banken- und Wirtschaftsproblemen sowie von der aktuellen Krise der europ?ischen W?hrungsunion überlagert, die die nationalen Politiken der EU-Mitgliedstaaten und die gemeinschaftliche europ:aische Politik vor gro?e Herausforderungen stellen und deren Aufmerksamkeit in hohem Ma?e in Anspruch nehmen. Es mag also noch dauern, bis Europa in absehbarer Zeit und hoffentlich ohne an seinen politischkonstitutiven Fundamenten Schaden zu nehmen die aktuellen Krisen überwunden haben wird. Erst dann dürfte den Bürgerinnen und Bürgern Europas deutlicher werden, dass mit dem Inkrafttreten des Vertrages von Lissabon eine unter mehreren Gesichtspunkten neue Epoche des Europ?ischen Integrationsprozesses begonnen hat. Das gilt nicht nur, aber vor allem für die Innen- und Rechtspolitik — für jene Bereiche europ?ischer Politik also, die die Herstellung des seit 1999 im Amsterdamer Vertrag avisierten „Raumes der Freiheit, der Sicherheit und des Rechts“ zum Ziel haben. Innerhalb dieser im hohen Ma?e grundrechtssensiblen Politikfelder wird die neue Epoche vor allem von erheblichen Ver?nderungen sowohl im materiellen, rechtlichen als auch im institutionellen, gerichtlichen Schutz der Grund- und Freiheitsrechte der europ?ischen Bürgerinnen und Bürger gepr?gt sein.     

Nanoparticles in polymer-matrix composites

Regarding the development of nanoparticles for polymer matrix composites the particle/agglomerate size and particle/agglomerate distribution in the composites, respectively, is often crucial. This is exemplarily shown for, e.g. optical applications with measurements of refractive index and transmittance. Classical blending techniques, where nanoparticles are dispersed in polymers or resins, are compared to a combination of a special gas-phase synthesis method with subsequent in-situ deposition of nanoparticles in high-boiling liquids. The particles/agglomerates were characterized regarding particle size and particle size distribution using transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Additionally, important material properties like mechanical properties, relevant for application, or like viscosity, relevant for processing, are determined. It is shown, that with in-situ dispersed nanoparticles synthesized in a microwave plasma process composites with finely dispersed particles/agglomerates are attainable.     

Smart Citizens: Exploring the Tools of the Urban Bottom-Up Movement

As web technology and (big) data continue to transform how we organize ourselves, scholarly research increasingly zooms in on the socio-material conditions of citizen participation and public engagement, the objects and devices that organize publics. Where social issues may often be the driver of such public engagement, increasingly the city and, more specifically, the neighborhood itself have become a central objects connecting their inhabitants through online networks and neighborhood events. Tools and apps for citizen participation then weave together neighborhood stakeholders (e.g. inhabitants, municipal parties and entrepreneurs). This paper zooms in on a sample of 40 such tools that enable and organize bottom-up citizen participation in the city of Amsterdam. Combining a theoretical framework with content analysis, digital methods and data visualization, this paper marks the starting point of a longitudinal analysis of online tools for the urban bottom-up movement.     

Geschlechterforschung ist Wissenschaftsforschung – Wissenschaftsforschung ist Geschlechterforschung

The articles collected in this number all originate from a section of the 2004 annual meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Medizin, Naturwissenschaft und Technik.The section was organized by the Berlin Feminist Science Studies Workgroup (BFSSW) at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin. The contributions are dedicated to recent accounts and research topics in a field constituted by the intersection between 20th century (life) sciences and gender studies.They view modern life sciences as situated in hybrid fields of theory and practice, public and scientific discourse, of experimental procedures and practices of control. Methodological approaches range from Derrida’s notion of deconstruction, Foucault’s regulatory power and governmentality, Butler’s method of analyzing performativity and Haraway’s situated knowledge. They focus on dispositifs of research and regulation, visualizing procedures in the human sciences, and the emergence of new objects of biopolitics. One contribution focuses on the ‘politics of emotions’ and the paradoxical effects of laughter in ‘sexed’ and ‘gendered’ discourses and explores the productivity of humor for a gender-sensitive way of ‘doing history’. This introduction deals with recent developments in – mainly German – gender studies during the last two decades under the triple perspective of women in science, science of gender and gender in science.

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Geschlechterforschung ist Wissenschaftsforschung – Wissenschaftsforschung ist Geschlechterforschung Einführung in den Themenschwerpunkt “Wissenschaftsgeschichte als Geschlechtergeschichte”

     

Classifying and Formally Verifying Integer Constant Folding

Constant folding is a well-known optimization of compilers which evaluates constant expressions already at compile time. Constant folding is valid only if the results computed by the compiler are exactly the same as the results which would be computed at run-time by the target machine arithmetic. We classify different arithmetics by deriving a general condition under which a target-machine arithmetic can be replaced by a compiler arithmetic. Furthermore, we consider integer arithmetics as a special case. They can be described by residue class arithmetics. We show that these arithmetics form a lattice. Using the order relation in this lattice, we establish a necessary and sufficient criterion under which constant folding can be done in a residue class arithmetic that is different from the one of the target machine. Concerning formal verification, we have formalized our proofs in the Isabelle/HOL system. As examples, we discuss the Java and C integer arithmetics and show which compiler arithmetics are valid for constant folding. This discussion reveals also potential sources of incorrect behavior of C compilers.     

Das Problem der verantworteten Therapieentscheidung in der Neonatologie

Definition of the problem: Physicians and nurses who work in neonatology—as in intensive care at all—are often forced to decide whether to stop or to continue with the treatment of a severely ill patient. The literature provides several decision making instruments, which are meant to help and to rationalize such decisions. Method and conclusion: Two of these instruments (“Schema zur ethischen Urteilsbildung nach dem Muster der aristotelischen Ethik”, Honnefelder 1994; “Nimwegener Methode für ethische Fallbesprechung”, Gordijn 1998) were tested by retrospectively examining two cases of our NICU. Results of our study show that the use of a decision making instrument is basically helpful. But the above mentioned instruments showed also shortcomings when used in the framework of neonatology. Therefore we developed the “Kölner Arbeitsbogen zur ethischen Entscheidungsfindung in der Neonatologie”, which is adapted to the specific needs of neonatology.     

Impact of enzymatic mash maceration and storage on anthocyanin and color retention of pasteurized strawberry purées

Strawberry purées were prepared using a commercial polygalacturonase (PG) and a highly purified pectinesterase (PE) preparation, respectively. To elucidate the effect of pectin on color stability following enzymatic pulp maceration, pectin composition was studied by isolating and fractionating the alcohol-insoluble residue from the strawberry purées. The purées were stored at +20 and +4 °C in the dark over a period of 24 weeks monitoring the amounts of monomeric and polymeric anthocyanins as well as antioxidant activities (FRAP, TEAC). Individual anthocyanins were analyzed by HPLC–DAD–MS ⁿ , and color measurements were obtained in the CIE L*a*b* system. Pectin composition was significantly modified following enzymatic maceration of the purées. While PG treatment generally resulted in pectin losses, oxalate-soluble pectins were increased in PE-treated purées. After 24 weeks of storage, the best anthocyanin retention was observed in PE-treated purées. Such products also revealed greatest anthocyanin half-life values and lowest proportion of polymeric pigments. Compared to an untreated control, enzymatic purée maceration using the PG was also beneficial for pigment retention, but less effective than PE. In contrast, color and antioxidant activity were independent of both enzymatic treatments. An initial heating step (90 °C, 10 s) for immediate inactivation of native enzymes such as polyphenoloxidases slightly improved pigment stability, while lowered temperature during mash maceration was less effective. However, by far best color and pigment retention were achieved when the purées were stored at 4 °C in the dark.